World Literature on Medicinal Plants from Pankaj Oudhia’s Medicinal Plant Database -42

World Literature on Medicinal Plants from Pankaj Oudhia’s Medicinal Plant Database -42

World Literature on Medicinal Plants Quoted/Consulted/Modified/Improved/Discussed/Used/Corrected in Pankaj Oudhia’s Medicinal Plant Database.

For details please visit http://www.pankajoudhia.com

Barker, J.H.A.,  et al., 1999. Characterization of

genetic diversity in potential biomass willows

(Salix spp.) by RAPD and AFLP analysis.

Genome, 42:173-183.

Bauvet,  J.M., Fontaine, C., Sanou, H. and Cardi,

C. 2004. An analysis of the pattern of genetic

variation in Vitellaria paradoxa using RAPD

marker. Agroforest Syst., 60:61-69.

Bilal Ahmad Mir, Sushma Koul, Arun Kumar,

Maharaj Kaul, Amarjit Singh Soodan and Soom

Nath Raina, 2010. Intraspecific variation in the

internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions of

rDNA in  Withania somnifera (Linn) Dunal.

Indian Journal of Biotechnology, 9:325-328.

Chris Duran, Nikki Appleby, David Edwards,

and Jacqueline Batley, 2009. Molecular Genetic

Marker: Discovery, Applications, Data storage

and visulaisation. Current Bioinformatics, 4:16-

27.

Doyle, J.J., and Doyle, J.L., 1987. A rapid DNA

isolation procedures for small quantities of fresh

leaf tissues. Phytochem.,19:11-15.

Finger, F.L., Lannes, S.D., Schuelter, A.R.,

Doege, J., Comerlato, A.P., Gonçalves,  L.S.A.,

Ferreira, F.R.A.,  Clovis, L.R. and Scapim, C.A.

2010. Genetic diversity of  Capsicum chinensis

(Solanaceae) accessions based on molecular

markers and morphological and agronomic traits.

Genetics and Molecular Research., 9(3): 1852-

1864.

Hansen, M., Hallden, C. and Sall, T. 1998. Error

rates and polymorphism frequencies for three

RAPD protocols. Plant. Mol. Biol. Rep., 16:139-

146.

Harini, S.S., Leelambika, M., Shiva Karmeswari,

M.N. and Sathyanarayana N. 2008. Optimization

of  DNA isolation and PCR-RAPD methods for

molecular analysis of  Urginea indica (Kunth). International Journal of Integrative Biology,

2(2):138-144. 

Kuswaha, R.B.S. and Kumar, V. 1999. Status of

fauna in protected area of Madhya Pradesh.

Cheetal., 38:21-35.

Kapoor, L.D. 2001. Handbook of Ayurvedic

Medicinal Plants; CRC Press: London, UK. 337-

338. 

Nei, 1978. Estimation of average heterozygosity

and genetic distance from a small number of

individuals. Genetics, 89:583. 

Padmalatha, K. and Prasad, M.N.V. 2006.

Genetic diversity in  Rauvolfia tetraphylla  L.f

using RAPD markers. Plant Biotech., 8(2):1-7.

Padmalatha, K. and Prasad, M.N.V.2007. Inter

and Intrapopulation genetic diversity of

Rauvolfia serpentina (L). Benth. Ex Kurz, an

endangered medicinal plant, by RAPD analysis.

Ind. J. Biotech., 40 (2):18-22.

Rout,G. R. 2006. Identification of  Tinospora

cordifolia (Willd.) Miers ex Hook F & Thomas

using RAPD markers.  Z. Naturforsch. C., 61(1-

2):118-22.

Ruan, Y., Mo, R.H., Li, M., Huang, L.Q., Luo,

Y., Li, X.Y., Zhou, J. and Wu, Y.S. 2008.

Molecular characters of Centella asiatica found

with RAPD technology.  Zhong Yao Cai.,

31(7):970-973.

Sambrook, and Russell, 2000. Molecular

Cloning: A Laboratory Manual. Third Edi.,

CSHL Press, 78-85.

Syed Abdullah Gilani, Akira Kikuchi, and Kazuo

Watanabe, N. 2009. Genetic variation within and

among fragmented populations of endangered

medicinal plant,  Withania coagulans

(Solanaceae) from Pakistan and its implications

for conservation.  African Journal of

Biotechnology, 8 (13):2948-2958.

Upadhyay, A., Jayadet, K., Manimedkalai, R.,

and Parthasarathy, V.A. 2004. Genetic

relationship and diversity in Indian coconut

accessions based on RAPD markers.  Scientia

Hortic., 99:353-362.

Virk, P.S., Zhu, J., Newbury, H.J., Bryan, G.J.,

Jackson, M.T. and Ford-Lloyd, B.V. 2000.

Effectiveness of different classes of molecular

markers for classifying and revealing variations

in rice (Oryza sativa) germplasm.  Euphytica,

112:275-284.

Watt, G.A.1972. Dictionary of the Economic

Products of India; Cosmo Publication, Delhi,

India.6:309.

Williams, J.G.K., Kubelik, A.R., Livak, K.J. and

Rafalski, J.A. 1990. DNA polymorphisms

amplified by arbitrary primers are useful as

genetic markers. Nucl. Acids Res., 18:6531-6535.

Williamson, E.M. 2002. Major Herbs of

Ayurveda; Churchill Livingstone: London, UK.

322-323. 

Yang, H., Shi, G. and Dou, Q.P. 2007. The tumor

proteasome is a primary target for the natural

anticancer compound withaferin A isolated from

“Indian winter cherry”. Mol. Pharmacol. 71:426-

437.

Yeh, F.C., Yang, R.C., Boyle, T.J.B., YE, Z.H.

and MAO, J.X.1999. POPGENE, The userfriendly shareware for population genetic

analysis. Molecular Biology and Biotechnology

Centre. University of Alberta. Canada.

ADNAN, S.M., KHAN, A.A. & Z.K. SHIWARI (2006): Threats to

the sustainability of ethno-medicinal uses in Northern Pakistan

(A case study of Miandam Valley, District Swat, NWFP

Province, Pakistan). – Lyonia 11(2): 79-88. Retrieved from:

http://www.lyonia.org/downloadPDF.php?pdfID=2.494.1,

viewed 25.1.2007).

ANON. (2001): Smuggling: Madurai and beyond. – Down to

Earth 31 January: 28-41.

BHATTARAI, N.K. (1997): Biodiversity people interface in Nepal.

– In: BODEKER, G., K.K.S. BHAT, J. BURLEY & P. VANTOMME

(Eds.): Medicinal Plants for Forest Conservation and Health

Care. Non-wood Forest Products 11: 78-86, (FAO) Rome, Italy.

KARKI, M. (2006): Community driven medicinal plants conservation: Wise practices from South Asia. – In: MITHTHAPALA,

S. (Ed.): Conserving medicinal species. Securing a healthy

future. pp. 95-103, IUCN Ecosystems and Livelihoods Group,

Asia, Colombo.

KINHAL, G.A., RAO, J.R. & A. LAWRENCE (2006): A methodological template for participatory planning and designing for

sustainable harvesting of medicinal plants. – In: MITHTHAPALA,

S. (Ed.): Conserving medicinal species. Securing a healthy

future. pp. 147-157, IUCN Ecosystems and Livelihoods

Group, Asia, Colombo.

MPSG (2007): International Standard for Sustainable Wild

Collection of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants. Version 1.0.

Bundesamt für Naturschutz, Bonn (BfN-Skripten 195).

MULLIKEN, T. (2000): Implementing CITES for Himalayan medicinal plants Nardostachys grandiflora and Picrorhiza kurrooa. – TRAFFIC Bulletin 18 (2): 63-72.

MULLIKEN, T. & P. CROFTON (in press): Review of the status,

harvest, trade and management of seven Asian CITES-listed

medicinal and aromatic plant species. Bundesamt für Naturschutz, Bonn.

NAIR, C.T.S. (1995): Income and employment from non-wood

forest products: What do we know? – In: DURST, P. & BISHOP

A. (Eds.): Beyond timber. Social, economic and cultural

dimensions of non-wood forest products in Asia and the

Pacific. Proceedings of a regional expert consultation, 28

November - 2 December 1994. pp. 87-96, FAO/RAP Bangkok

NEGI, Y.S. & P. BHALLA (2002): Collection and marketing of

important medicinal and aromatic plants in tribal areas of

Himachal Pradesh. – Indian Forester 128 (6): 641-649.

OLSEN, C.S. (2005): Trade and conservation of Himalayan medicinal plants:  Nardostachys grandiflora DC. and  Neopicrorhiza scrophulariiflora (Pennel) Hong. – Biological Conservation 125 (4): 505-514.

OLSEN, C.S. & N. BHATTARAI (2005): A typology of economic

agents in the Himalayan plant trade. – Mountain Research and

Development 25 (1): 37-43.

OLSEN, C.S. & H.O. LARSEN (2003): Alpine medicinal plant

trade and Himalayan mountain livelihood strategies. – The

Geographical Journal 169 (3): 243-254.

Baksha, R., Miskat Ara Akhter Jahan., Rahima

Khatun and John Liton Munshi. 2007. In vitro

Rapid Clonal Propagation of  Rauvolfia

serpentina (Linn.) Benth  Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind.

Res. 42(1): 37-44. 

Begum, F., Amin, N., Azad M.A.K. 2002.  In

vitro  rapid clonal propagation of  Ocimum

basilicum L. Plant Tissue Culture, 12:27-35.

Chandra, B., Palni, L.M.S, Nandi, S.K. (2006).

Propagation and conservation of  Picrorhia

kurrooa  Royle ex Benth.: an endangered

Himalayan medicinal herb of high commercial

value. Biodivers. Conserv. 15: 2325-2338.

Chiang, L.C., Cheng, P.W., Chiang, W., Lin,

C.C.2005. Antiviral activity of extracts and

selected pure constituents of Ocimum basilicum.

Cli Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 32: 811-816. 

Chiej, R. 1984. Encyclopedia of medicinal

plants. MacDonald : ISBN 0-356-10541-5. 

Das, J and Handique, P.J. 2002.

Micropropagation of a rare medicinal plant

species  Polygonum microcephallum  D.Don.,

through high frequency shoot multiplication.  J.

Phytol. Res. 15(2): 197-200. 

Dhar, A.K.2002. Sweet Basil:  Ocimum

basilicum- a review. Journal of Medicinal and

Aromatic Plant Sciences. 24:738-55.

Dode, L.C., Bobrowski, V.L., Braga, E.J.B.,

Seixas, F.K., Schunch, W. 2003.  In vitro

propagation of  Ocimum basilicum  L.  Maringa.

25: 435-437.

Dube, S., Upadhyay, P.D., Tripathi, S.C. 1989.

Antifungal, physicochemical, and insect

repelling activity of the essential oil of Ocimum

basilicum, Can. J. Bot. 67: 2085–2087.

Duke, J.A and  Ayensu, E.S. 1985. Medicinal

Plants of China. Reference Publications. Inc. :

ISBN 0-917256-20-4. Reference Publications,

Algonac, MI (USA).

Gill, R.I.S., Gill, S.S  and Gosal, S.S.1993.

Vegetative propagation of  Eucalyptus

tereticornis  Sm. through tissue culture. Intl.

Plant Tissue Cult. Conf., Dhaka 19  - 21 Dec.,

pp. 44.

Gopi, C., Nataraja Sekhar, Y and  Ponmurugan,

P.  2006.  In vitro  multiplication of  Ocimum

gratissimum  L. through direct regeneration.

African Journal of Biotechnology Vol. 5 (9), pp.

723726

Hassan, A.K.M.S and Roy, S.K. 2004.

Micropropagation of  Smilex zeylanica  L., a

perennial climbing medicinal shrub, through

axillary shoot proliferation.  Bangladesh J. Life

Sci. 16(1): 33-39. 

Ilahi, I.1993. Micropropagation and biosynthesis

of alkaloid by Rauvolfia  cell culture. Intl. Plant

Tissue Cult. Conf., Dhaka 19 - 21 Dec. pp. 21.

Kalidass, C and Mohan, V.R. 2009.  In vitro

rapid clonal propagation of Phyllanthus urinaria

Linn. (Euphorbiaceae)- A medicinal plant.

Researcher 1(4): 56-61.

Kalidass, C. Manickam, V.S and Glory, M.

2008. In vitro studies on Leptadenia reticulata

(Retz.) Wight & Arn. (Asclepiadaceae).  Indian

Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, 4(2): 221

– 225. 

Kumar, S., Choudhary, M.L and Raghava, S.P.S.

1995. In vitro manipulation of Rosa damascena

Mill for oil contents. 2nd Intl. Plant Tissue Cult.

Conf., Dhaka, 10 – 12 Dec., pp. 47.

Lust, J. 1983. The Herbs book. Bantan Books:

ISBN 0-553-23827-2. 

Marta Valdez Melara, Andrés M. Gatica Arias.

2009.  Effect of BAP and IAA on shoot

regeneration in cotyledonary explants of  Costa

rican melon genotypes,  Agronomía

Costarricense 33(1): 125-131. 

Murashige, T and Skoog, F. (1962) A revised

medium for rapid growth and bioassays with

tobacco tissue cultures. Physiol. Plant. 15: 443-

477. 

Paton, A.1996. Basil Taxonomy, Kew Scientist

9 : 7

Phippen, W.B and Simon J.E. 2000. Shoot

regeneration of young leaf explants from basil

(Ocimum basilicum L.), In Vitro Cell. Dev. Biol.

Plant, Largo, 36, 250-254.

Phippen, W.B., Simon, J.E. 1998. Anthocyanins

in basil.  J. Agric. Food Chem.,  Washington,

DC., v. 46, p. 1734-1738.

Putievsky, E and Galambosi, B. 1999.

Production systems of sweet basil, in: R.

Hiltunen, Y. Holm (Eds.), Basil. The Genus

Ocimum, Harwood Academic Publishers,  pp.

39–65.

Reuveni, R., Fleischer, A and Putievsky, E.

1984. Fungistatic activity of essential oils from

Ocimum basilicum  chemotypes, Phytopath. Z.

110: 20–22.

Sahoo, Y., Remien, Y.N., Yao, R.S.1997.  In

vitro  clonal propagation of an aromatic

medicinal herb  Ocimum basilicum  L. (sweet

basil) by axillary shoot proliferation.  In vitro

Cell. Devel. Biol. Plant, Largo, 33, 293- 296.

Selvakumar, V., Anbudurai, P.R and Balakumar,

T. 2001.  In vitro  propagation of the medicinal

plant  Plumbago zeylanica  L. through nodal

explants. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol. Pl. 37: 280-284. 

Sharzad, A., Siddiqui, S.A.2000.  In vitro

organogenesis in  Ocimum sanctum  L. – Amultipurpose heb.  Phytomorphology, Delhi, v.

50, n. 1, p. 27-35.

Singh, N.K., Sehgal, C.B.1999.

Micropropagation of “Holy basil” (Ocimum

sanctum L.) from young inflorescens of mature

plants. Plant Growth Regul., Dordrecht, v. 29, p.

161-166. 

Sivakumar, G and Krishnamurty, K.V. 2000.

Micropropagation of  Gloriosa superba  L.­ an

endangered species of Asia and Africa. J. Curr.

Sci. 78(1): 30-32.

Sivanesan I, Jeong BR (2007b).

Micropropagation and  in vitro  flowering in

Pentanema indicum Ling. Plant Biotechnol. 24:

527-532.

Sivanesan, I and Jeong, B.R. 2007a. Direct shoot

regeneration from nodal explants of  Sida

cordifolia Linn. In Vitro Cell. Dev. Biol. - Plant

43: 436-441.

Sivanesan, I. 2007. Direct regeneration from

apical bud explants of  Withania somnifera

Dunal. Indian J. Biotechnol. 16: 125-127.

Sultana, S and Handique, P.J. 2004.

Micropropagation of Wedelia chinensis through

high frequency shoot  multiplication using nodal

explants. J. Curr. Sci. 5: 447-452. 

Taware, A.S., Mukadam, D.S., Chavan, A.M

and Tware, S.D. 2010. Comparative studies of in

vitro and in vivo grown plants and callus of

Stevia rebaudiana (Bertoni).  International

Journal of Integative Biology. 9(1): 10 – 15. 

Wawrosch, C., Malia, R.R and Kopp, B. 2001.

Clonal propagation of Lilium nepalense D. Don,

a threatened medicinal plants of Nepal.  Plant

Cell Rep. 10: 457-460.

Werner, R.A. 1995. Toxicity and repellency of

4-allylanisole and monoterpenes from white

spruce and tamarack to  the spruce beetle and

Eastern larch  beetle (Coleoptera: Scolytidae),

Environ. Entomol. 24: 372–379.

Abo, K. A., Fred-Jaiyesimi, A.A., Jaiyesimi, A.E.A., (2008): Ethnobotanical studies of medicinal

plants  used  in  the  management  of  diabetes  mellitus  in  South  Western  Nigeria.  J.

Ethnopharmacol., 115: 67-71.

Adedeji,  O.S.,  Farinu,  G.O.,  Ameen,  S.A.,  Olayeni,  T.B.,  (2006):  The  effects  of  dietary

bitter kola (Garcinia kola) inclusion on body weight, hematology and survival rate of pullet

chicks. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances, 5 (3): 184-187.

Akpantah, A.O., Oremosu, A.A., Noronhna, C.C., Ekanem, T.B., Okanlawon, A.O., (2005): Effect

of Garcinia kola seed extracts on ovulation, oestrous cycle and foetal development in cyclic

female Spague Dawley rats. Nig. J. Phy. Sci., 20(1-2): 58-62.

Ainslie, J.R., (1937): A list of plants used in native medicine in Nigeria. Imperial Forestry Institute,

Paper No 7.

AOAC,  (1980):   Official  methods  of  analysis  of  the  Association  of  Analytical  Chemists,

16

th

 Edition Washington D.C.

Bailey,  C.J.,  Day,  C.,  Turner,  S.L.,  Leatherdale,  A.B.,  (1985):  Cerasee,  a  traditional

treatment for diabetes. Studies in normal and streptozotocin diabetic mice. Diabetic Res., 2:

81-84.

Belmain,  S.R.,  Golo,  P.,  Andan,  H.F.,  Atariga,  H.,  Chare,  F.A.,  Carr,  P.,  (2000):  Toxicity

and repellency of ethnobotanicals used in Ghana as post-harvest protectants, in Abstracts of

presentations on selected topics at the XIth International Plant Protection Congress (IPPC).

Phytoparasitica, 28 (1): 87-90.

Bouquet,  A.,  Der  bray,  M.,  (1974):  Plant  medicinal  de  la  Cote  d’Ivoire  et  documents  de,

ORSTOM, Paris; Kithara J & Bouquet A (1950).  Plantes medicinales & Toxiques de la

Cote-d’Ivoire-Haute-Volta (Paris: Vigot Freres).

Braide,  V.,  Agabe,  C.A.,  Essien,  G.E.,  Udoh,  F.V.,  (2003):  Effect  of  Garcinia  kola seed

alkaloid extracts on levels of gonadal hormone and pituitary gonadotrophins in rat serum.

Nig. J. Phy., Sci., 18 (1-2): 59-64.

Burkill,  H.M.,  (1994):  Useful  plants  of  West  Tropical  Africa.  Vol.  2,  Families  E-I.  Royal

Botanical Gardens Kew, pp. 636.

Chevallier,  A.,  (1996):  USPTO  Application  #  20060115543.  United  States  Patent  7429395.

Anti-diabetic extract isolated from Rauvolfia vomitoria and Citrus aurantium, and method

of using same. “The Encyclopedia of Medicinal plants”. DK Publishing, New York.

Dalziel,  J.M.,  (1937):  The  useful  plants  of  W.  Tropical  Africa.  Crown  Agents  for  the

Colonies, London, pp. 18-22.

Das,  S.,  Parveen,  S.,  Kundra,  C.P.,  Pereira,  B.M.,  (2004):  Reproduction  in  male  rats

vulnerable to treatment with the flavonoid rich extract of Vitex negundo. Phytother. Res., 18

(1):8-11.

Dawson,  E.B.,  Harris,  W.A.,  Teter,  M.C.,  Powell,  L.C.,  (1992):  Effect  of  ascorbic  acid

supplementation on the sperm quality of smokers. Ferti Steril., 58 (5): 1034-1039.

Demis,  D.L.,  Capodice,  J.L.,  Gorroochum,  P.,  Katz,  A.E.,  Buttyan,  R.,  (2006):  Antipostrate cancer activity of a β-carboline alkaloid enriched extract from Rauvolfia vomitoria.

Int. J. Oncol. 29 (5): 1065-1073.

Eyong,  O.,  Folefoc,  G.N.,  Kuete,  V.,  Beng,  V.P.,  Krohn,  K.,  Hussain,  H.,  Agfack,  A.E.,

Saeftel, M., Sarite, S.R., Hoerauf, A., (2006): Newbouldiaquinone A: A naphthoquinoneenthraquinone ether coupled pigment, as a potential antimicrobial and antimalarial from

Newbouldia laevis. Phytochem., 67 (6): 605-609.

Fabeku,  P.O.,  Akinsulire,  O.,  (2008):  The  role  of  traditional  medicine  among  the  Yoruba  of

South West Africa, Nigeria. In: Odugbemi, T. (Ed.), A Textbook of Medicinal Plants from

Nigeria. University of Lagos Press, Lagos, pp. 43-53.

Fraga, C.G., Motchnik, P.A., Shigenaga, M.K., Helbock, H.J., Jacob, R.A., Ames, B.N., (1991):

Ascorbic acid protects against endogenous oxidative DNA damage in human sperm. Proc.

Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A., 88: 11003-11006.

Gafner,  S.,  Wolfender,  J.L.,  Nianga,  M.,  Hostettmann,  K.,  (1997):  Phenylpropanoid

Glycosides from Newbouldia laevis Roots. Phytochem., 44 (4): 687-690.

Gafner,  S.,  Wolfender,  J.L.,  Nianga,  M.,  Hostettmann,  K.,  (1998):  A  naphthoquinone  from

Newbouldia laevis roots. Phytochem., 48 (1): 215-216.

Geva,  E.,  Bartoov,  B.,  Zabludovsky,  N.,  Lessing,  J.B.,  Lerna-Geva,  L.,  Amit,  A.,  (1996):

The effect of antioxidant treatment on human spermatozoa and fertilization rate in an invitro fertilization program. Ferti Steril., 66(3): 430-434.

Glenville,  M.,  (2008):  The  nutritional  approach  to  male  factor  infertility.  Dragons  Tale,  18:

4-5.

Greendale,  G.  A.,  Haas,  S.T.,  Holbrook,  K.,  Walsh,  B.,  Schachter,  J.,  Phillips,  R.S.,  (1993):

The relationship of  Chlamydia trachomatis infection and male infertility.  Am. J. Public

Health, 83 (7): 996-1001.      

Hoffman, B.R., DelasAtlas, H., Bianco, K., Wiederhold, N., Lewis, R.E., Williams, L., (2004):

Screening of antibacterial and antifungal activities of ten medicinal plants from Ghana.

Pharmaceutical Biology, 42 (1): 13-17.

Honig,  S.C.,  Lipschultz,  L.I.,  Jarow,  J.P.,  (1994):  Significant  medical  pathology  uncovered

by a comprehensive male infertility evaluation. Fertil Steril., 62(5): 1028-1034.

Idika, N., Niemogha, M.T., (2008): The diversity  of uses of Medicinal Plants  in Nigeria. In:

Odugbemi, T. (Ed.), A Textbook of Medicinal Plants from Nigeria. University of Lagos

Press, Lagos, pp. 71-79.

Iwu,  M.M.,  Court,  W.E.,  (1982):  Stem  bark  alkaloids  of  Rauvolfia  vomitoria.  Planta  Med.,

45(6): 105-111.

Iwu,  M.M.,  Igboko,  O.A.,  Okunji,  C.O.,  Tenpesta,  M.S.,  (1990):  Antidiabetic  and  aldose

reductase activities of biflavanones of Garcinia kola. J. Pharma. Pharmacol., 42: 290-292.

IZiNCG.,  (2004):  Assessment  of  the  risk  of  zinc  deficiency  in  populations  and  options  for

its control. International Zinc Nutrition Consultative Group Technical Document # 1. Food

Nutr. Bull., 25 (1): 94S-203S.

Madding,  C.I.,  Jacob,  M.,  Ramsay,  V.P.,  Sokol,  R.Z.,  (1986):  Serum  and  semen  zinc  levels

in normozoospermic and oligozoospermic men. Ann. Nutr. Metab., 30: 213-218.

Moody,  J.O.,  Ojo,  O.O.,  Omotade,  O.O.,  Adeyemo,  A.A.,  Olumese,  P.E.,  Ogundipe,  O.O.,

(2003): Antisickling potential of a Nigerian herbal formula (Ajawaron HF) and the major

plant component (Cissus populnea L. CPK). Phytother. Res., 17 (10):1173-1176.

Neuwinger,  J.D.,  (1996):  West  African  Ethnobotany  poisons  and  drugs.  Chapman  S  and

Hall, Weinheim, pp. 495-499.

Odugbemi,T.,  (Ed.),  (2006):  Outlines  and  Pictures  of  Medicinal  Plants  from  Nigeria.

University of Lagos Press, Lagos, pp. 73-116.

Odugbemi,  T., (Ed.),  (2008):  A  Textbook  of  Medicinal  plants  from  Nigeria.  University  of

Lagos Press, Lagos, pp. 541-612.

Ogunlana,  E.O.,  Ogunlana,  O.O.,  (2008):  In  vitro  assessment  of  antioxidant  activity  of

Newbouldia laevis. J. Med. Plants Res., 2(8): 176-179.

Ogunlesi,  M.,  Okiei,  W.,  Ademoye,  M.,  (2008):  Medicinal  plants  used  in  treating  eye

infections  in  Nigeria.  In:  Odugbemi,  T.  (Ed.),  A  Textbook  of  Medicinal  Plants  from

Nigeria. University of Lagos Press, Lagos, pp. 299-317.

Ojekale,  A.B.,  Lawal,  O.A.,  Lasisi,  A.K.,  Adeleke,  T.I.,  (2006):  Phytochemistry  and

spermatogenic potentials of extract of  Cissus populnea (Guill and Per) Stem bark.  TSW

Holistic Health Med., 1: 176-182.

Ojekale,  A.B.I.,  Ojiako,  O.A.,  Shaibu,  G.M.,  Lala,  A.,  Oludude,  O.A.,  (2007):  Long  term

effects  of  aqueous  stem  bark  extract  of  Cissus  populnea (Guill  and  Per.)  on  some

biochemical parameters in normal rabbits. Afr. J. Biotechnol 6(3): 247-251.

Ojewole,  J.A.,  Adewole,  S.O.,  Olayiwola,  G.,  (2006):  Hypoglycaemic  and  hypotensive

effects of Momordica charantia Linn (Cucurbitaceae) whole plant aqueous extract in rats.

Cardovasc. J. S. Afr., 17(5): 227-232.

Potchoo,  Y.,  Richard,  D.,  Sakie,  E.,  Guissou,  I.F.,  Kini,  F.,  Yaro,  B.,  (2008):  Comparative

phytochemical content of leaves extracts of two Annona senegalensis Pers: The one from

Togo and the other originates from Burkina Faso. J. Biol. Sci., 8(3):577-583.

Principe,  P.,  (1989):  The  economic significance  of  plants  and  their  constituents  as  drugs.

In: Wagner, H., Hikino, H., Famsworth, N.R., (Eds.), Economic and Medicinal Research,

Vol. 3, Academic Press, London, pp. 1-17.

Smith,  A.,  Edufunke,  L.O.,  Adeyemi,  R.O.,  Fagbure,  O.A.,  Lawson,  A.A.,  (2002):  Toxicity

test of water homogenate of  Cissus populnea stem in mice and its effects on weights ofsome organs, serum gonadotropins, lipids and uric acid in male albino rats. Nig. Quart. J.

Hos. Med., 10: 224-227.

Sinclair,  S.,  (2000):  Male  Infertility:  Nutritional  and  environmental  considerations.  Altern.

Med. Rev., 5(1): 28-38.

Sofowora,  A.,  (1993):  Medicinal  Plants  and  Traditional  Medicines  in  Africa.  Specrtrum

books Ltd., Ibadan, pp. 55-71.

Takihara,  H.,  Cosentino,  M.J.,  Cockett,  A.T.,  (1987):  Zinc  sulfate  therapy  for  infertile  male

with or without varicocelectomy. Urol., 29: 638-641.

Usman,  H.,  Osuji,  J.C.,  (2007):  Phytochemical  and  In  vitro  antimicrobial  assay  of  the  leaf

extract of of Newbouldia laevis. Afri. J. Trad. CAM., 4 (4): 476-480.

Vitamin C - Wikipedia, the free encyclopaedia.  www.wikipedia.org/siki/vitamin_C

Weniger, B. M., Rouzier, R., Daguilh, D., Henrys, J. H., Anton, R., (1986). Popular medicine of the

Central Plateau of Haiti 2. Ethnopharmacological Inventory.  J. Ethnopharmacol., 17(1):

13-30.

Zailani,  S.B.,  Ahmed,  A.H.,  (2008):  Some  medicinal  plants  used  as  traditional  recipes  for

some  disorders  among  Northern  communities  in  Nigeria.  In:  Odugbemi,  T.  (Ed.),  A

Textbook of Medicinal Plants from Nigeria. University of Lagos Press, Lagos, pp.55-69.

1. Bibitha B, Jisha VK, Salitha CV, Mohan S,

Valsa AK. Antibacterial activity of different

plant extracts. Short Communication. Indian

J. Microbiol. 42: 361 – 363, 2002.

2. Maghrani M, Zeggwah N, Michel J,

Eddouks M. Antihypertensive effect of

Lepidium sativum  in spontaeneously

hypertensive rats. J. Ethnopharam. 102(1-

2): 193 – 197, 2005.

3. Doughari JH. Antimicrobial activity of

Tamarindus indica Linn. Tropical J. Pharm.

Res., 5(2): 597 – 603, 2006.

4. Galal M, Bashir AK, Salih AM, Adam SEJ.

Activity of water extracts of  Albiziaanthe

mintica and  A. lebbek backs againstexperimental  Hymenolepis diminuta

infection in rats.  Journals

Ethnopharamacology 31:333-337, 1991.

5.  Philip K, Sri Nurestri Abd Malek,

Wirakarnain Sani, Sim Kae Shin, Saravana

Kumar. Antimicrobial Activity of Some

Medicinal Plants from Malaysia. American

Journal of Applied Sciences 6 (8): 1613-

1617, 2009.

6. Balandrin MF, Klocke JA, Wurtele ES,

Bollinger WH. Natural plant chemicals;

sources of industrial and medicinal  

materials. Science 228:1154-1160, 1985.

7. Ben Sassi AF, Barzallah-Skhiri, Aouni M.

Investigation of some medicinal plants from

Tunisia for antimicrobial activities.

Pharmaceutical Biology 15(5): 421 – 428,

2007.

8. Coruh I, Gornez AA, Ercisli S. Total

phenolics, mineral elements, antioxidant

and antibacterial activities of some edible

wild plants in Turkey. Asian Journal of

Chemistry 19(7): 5755 – 5762, 2007.

9. Cody CC, Alexis TH, Robert HW, Lester

JC, Joseph OF. Identification and

characteristics of Movel Burkholderia strain

with broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity.

Applied and Envir. Microbio. 66(9): 4139 –

4141, 2000.

10. Veronika S, John PM, Maita L, Michael C,

Adam C, Carol Y, Anne O. Dual effect of

plant steroidal alkaloids on Saccharomyces

cerevisiae. Antimicrobial Agents and

Chemotherapy 50(8): 2732- 2740, 2006.

11. Izzo AA, Di Carlo G, Biscardi D, Fusco R,

Mascolo N, Borreli F, Capasso F, Fasulo

MP, Autore G. Biological screening of

Italian medicinal plants for antibacterial

activity. Phytother. Res. 9: 281-286, 1995.

12. Ogbulie JN, Okoli IC, Anyanwu BN.

Antibacterial activities and toxicological

potentials of crude ethanolic`extracts of

Euphorbia hirta. African Journal of

Biotechnology 6(13): 1544-1548, 2007.

13. Olaleye MT. Cytotoxicity and antibacterial

activity of methanolic extract of  Hibiscus

sabdariffa. Journal of Medicinal Plants

Research, 1(1): 009-013, 2007.

14. Omonkhelin JO, Eric KIO, Osohon O.

Antifungal and antibacterial Activities of the

ethanolic and aqueous extract of  Kigelia

africana (Bignoniaceae) stem bark, African

Journal of Biotechnology 6(14): 1677-1680,

2007.

15. Salau AO, Odeleye OM. Antimicrobial

activity of  Mucuna pruriens on selected

bacteria. African Journal of Biotechnology

6(18): 2091-2092, 2007.

16. Bushra Beegum NR, Ganga Devi T.

Antibacterial activity of selected Seaweeds

from Kovalam south West coast of India.

Asian Jr. of Microbiol. Biotech. Env. Sc.,

5(3): 319-322, 2003.

17. Wilson BG, Abraham VS, Manju M, Mathew

B, Vimala S, Sundaresan, Nambisan B.

Antimicrobial activity of  Curcuma zedoaria

and  Curcuma malabarica  tubers. J.

Ethopharmacol., 99: 147-151, 2005. 

18. Sofia PK, Prasad R, Vijay VK, Srivastava

AK. Evaluation of antibacterial activity of

Indian spices against common foodborne

pathogens. Int. J. Food Sci. Technol., 42:

910-915, 2007.

19. Bonjar GHS, Nik AK, Aghighi S.

Antibacterial and antifungal survey in plants

used in indigenous herbal-medicine of

south east regions of Iran. J. Biolog. Sci.,

4(3): 405 – 412, 2004.

20. Selvamaleeswaran P, Wesely EG, Johnson

M, Velusamy S, Jeyakumar N. The effect of

leaves extracts of Clitoria ternatea Linn

against the fish pathogens. Asian Pacific

Journal of Tropical medicine 3(9): 723-726,

2010.

21. Jansen AM, Cheffer JJC, Svendsen AB.

Antimicrobial activity of essential oils: a

1976-1986 literature review. Aspects of test

methods. Planta Med. 40, 395-398, 1987.

22. Saxena G, McCutcheon AR, Farmer S,

Towers GHN, Hancock REW. Antimicrobial

constituents of  Rhus glabra.  J.

Ethnopharmacol. 42, 95-99, 1994.

23. Guerra RNM, Pereira HAW, Silveira LMS,

Olea RSG. Immunomodulatory properties

of  Alternanthera tenella  Colla aqueous

extracts in mice.  Brazilian Journal of

Medical and Biological Research 36: 1215-

1219, 2003.

24. Hilou A, Nacoulmaa OG, Guiguemdeb TR.

In vivo antimalarial activities of extracts

from  Amaranthus spinosus  L. and

Boerhaavia erecta  L. in mice.  Journal of

Ethno pharmacology 103, 236–240, 2006.

25. Paridhavi, Sunil SJ, Nitin A, Patil MB,

Chimkode R, Tripathi A. Antimicrobial and

Wound healing activities of leaves of

Alternanthera sessilis Linn. International

Journal of green pharmacy 2:141-144,

2008.

26. Gayathri BM, Balasuriya K, Gunawardena

GSPS, Rajapakse RPVJ, Dharmaratne

HRW. Toxicological studies of the water

extract of green leafy vegetable Sessilie joy

weed (Alternanthera sessilis). Research

Communications Current Science 91 (10):

1517-1520, 2006.

27. Ramzi MAA, Ulrike Lindequist.

Antimicrobial activity of some medicinal

plants of the island Soqotra. J.

Ethnopharmacol., 96: 177-181, 2005.

28. Wagate GC, Gakuya WD, Mark ON,

Francis KN, James MM. Antibacterial and

cytotoxic activity of Kenyan medicinal

plants. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 103(7):

650-652, 2008.

29. Mahesh B, Satish S. Antimicrobial Activity

of Some Important Medicinal Plant Against

Plant and Human Pathogens. World

Journal of Agricultural Sciences 4 (S): 839-

843, 2008.

30. Adeleye IA, Ogunniyi AA, Omonigbehin EA.

Antimicrobial activity of some local herbs on

common skin pathogens.  BioscienceResearch Communications. 15 (3): 231-

236, 2003.

31. Srinivasan D, Perumalsamy LP, Nathan S,

Sures T. Antimicrobial activity of certain

Indian medicinal plants used in folkloric

medicine. J. Ethnopharam. 49: 217 – 222,

2001.

32. Castello M, Phatak A, Chandra N, Sharon M.

Antimicrobial activity of crude extracts from

plant parts and corresponding calli of Bixa

orellana L. Ind J Exp Biol. 40: 1378-1381, 2002.

33. Johnson M, Maridass M, Irudayaraj V.

Preliminary Phytochemical and AntiBacterial Studies on  Passiflora edulis.

Ethnobotanical Leaflets 12: 425-432, 2008.

34. Jain SC, Jain R, Vlietinck AJ. In vivo and in

vitro antimicrobial efficacy of  Mimosa

hamata. Ind J Biotechnol. 3: 271-273, 2004.

35. Shariff N, Sudharshana MS, Umesha S,

Hariprasad P. Antimicrobial activity of

Rauvolfia tetraphylla and  Physalis minima

leaf and callus extracts. Afr J Biotechnol. 5:

946-950, 2006.

36. Singh K, Sudharshana MS. Antimicrobial

activity of Baliospermum axillare plant and

callus extract. Asian J Microbiol Biotecnol

Environ Sci. 5: 571-574, 2003.

37. Johnson M. Somoclonal variation studies

on Phyllanthus amarus Schum and Thonn.

Iranian Journal of Biotechnology 5(4): 240 –

245, 2007.  

38. Johnson M, Babu A. Somoclonal variation

studies on  Passiflora mollussima (H.B.K.)

Bailey using phytochemical methods.

Natural Products An Indian Journal. 6(1): 5-

10, 2010. 

39. Murashige T, Skoog F. A revised medium for

rapid growth and bioassays with tobacco tissue

culture. Physiol. Plant 15: 473, 1962.

40. Pathak P, Saraswathy, Vora. A, Savai J. In

vitro antimicrobial activity and

phytochemical analysis of the leaves of

Annona muricata. International Journal of

Pharma. Research and Development 2 (5):

1-6, 2010. 

41. NCCLS. Performance Standards

Antimicrobial Disc Susceptibility Tests.

Approved Standard Fifth Edition. NCCLS

Document M2-A5, Villanova, PA, USA,

1993.

42.  Kiong ALP, Thing YS, Gansau JA, Hussein

S. Induction and multiplication of callus

from endosperm of Cycas revolute. African

Journal of Biotechnology 7 (23): 4279-4284,

2008.

43. Manickam VS, Elangomadhavan R,

Antonisamy R. Regeneration of Indian

ginseng plantlets from stem callus. Plant

Cell Tissue Org. Cult. 14: 55 - 58, 2000.

44.  Afolayan AJ, Meyer JJ. The antimicrobial

activity of 3, 5, 7-trihydroxyflavone isolated

from the shoots of  Helichrysum

aureonitens. J. Ethnopharm, 57(3): 177 -

181, 1997.

45. Lutterodt GD, Ismail A, Bashear RH,

Baharudin HM. Antimicrobial effects of

Psidium guajava extracts as onemechanism of its anti-diarrhoeal action.

Malaysian J. Med. Sci., 6(2): 17 - 20, 1999.

46. Marjorie MC. Plant products as

antimicrobial agents. Clin. Microbiol. Rev.,

12(4): 564- 582, 1999.

47. Bonjar Glls, Farrokhi PR. Antibacillus

activity of some plants used in traditional

medicine of Iran. Niger. J. Nat. Prod. Med.,

8: 34-39, 2004.

48. Cichewicz RH, Thorpe PA. The

antimicrobial properties of Chile peppers

(Capsicum species) and their uses in

Mayan medicine. J. Ethnopharm., 52(2): 61

-70, 1996.

49. Madigan MT, Martinko JM, Parker J. Brock

Biology of Microorganisms.9th ed. PrenticeHall, Inc. New Jersey, 783-784, 2000.

mechanism of its anti-diarrhoeal action.

Malaysian J. Med. Sci., 6(2): 17 - 20, 1999.

46. Marjorie MC. Plant products as

antimicrobial agents. Clin. Microbiol. Rev.,

12(4): 564- 582, 1999.

47. Bonjar Glls, Farrokhi PR. Antibacillus

activity of some plants used in traditional

medicine of Iran. Niger. J. Nat. Prod. Med.,

8: 34-39, 2004.

48. Cichewicz RH, Thorpe PA. The

antimicrobial properties of Chile peppers

(Capsicum species) and their uses in

Mayan medicine. J. Ethnopharm., 52(2): 61

-70, 1996.

49. Madigan MT, Martinko JM, Parker J. Brock

Biology of Microorganisms.9th ed. PrenticeHall, Inc. New Jersey, 783-784, 2000.

Kurian, A. and A. Sankar. 2007. Medicinal Plants. New India

Publishing Agency, New Delhi, India.

Li, H.-L. and T.-C. Huang. 1998. Rauvolfia In: Huang, T.-C.

et al. (eds.), Flora of Taiwan, 2nd ed., vol. 4: 208. Editorial

Committee, Dept. Bot., NTU, Taipei, Taiwan.

Little, E. L. and F. H. Wadsworth. 1964. Common trees of

Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Forest Service, USDA,

Washington, DC, USA. 

Mabberley, D. J. 1997. The Plant-Book, 2

nd

 ed. Cambridge

Univ. Press, Cambridge, UK. 858pp.

Rao, A. S.  1965. A revision of  Rauvolfia, with particular

reference to the American species. Ann. Missouri Bot.

Gard. 43: 253-354.

Tsiang, Y. and P.-T. Li.  1977.  Rauvolfia. Fl. Reipubl.

Popularis Sin. 63: 46-61. Science Press, Beijing.

Aublet, C. F. ( 1775) Histoire des Plantes de la Guiane Française. (Paris).

Brown, R. (1810a) Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae et Insulae van Diemen. (London). Reprinted in

C. G. D. Nees von Esenbeck (ed., 1827), Robert Brown’s vermischte botanische Schriften 3,

issued 1828 as a separate work. (Nuremberg).

Brown, R. (1810b) On the Asclepiadeae, a natural order of plants separated from the Apocineae of

Jussieu. [Preprint of Mem. Wern. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1: 12–78 (1811)].

Brown, R. (1833) On the organs and mode of fecundation in Orchideae and Asclepiadeae. Trans.

Linn. Soc. London 16: 685–746, tt. 34–36.

Bruyns, P. V. & Forster, P. I. (1991) Recircumscription of the Stapelieae (Asclepiadaceae). Taxon 40:

381–391.

Bruyns, P. V. (2000) Baynesia, a new genus of stapeliad from the northwestern-most corner of

Namibia (Apocynaceae). Novon 10: 354–358.

Civeyrel, L. & Rowe, N. (2001) Phylogenetic relationships of Secamonoideae based on plastid gene

matK, morphology and biomechanics. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 88: 583–602.

Civeyrel, L., Le Thomas, A. Ferguson, K. & Chase, M (1998) Critical re-examination of palynological

characters used to delimit Asclepiadaceae in comparison to the molecular phylogeny obtained

from plastid matK sequences. Mol. Phylogen. Evol. 9: 517–527.

Demeter, K. (1922) Vergleichende Asclepiadeenstudien. Flora 115: 130–176.

Endress, M. E. (2003) Apocynaceae and Asclepiadaceae: United they stand. Haseltonia 8: 1–9.

Endress, M. E. & Bruyns, P. (2000) A revised classification of the Apocynaceae sens. lat. Bot. Rev.

(Lancaster) 66: 1–56.

Endress, M. E. & Stevens, W. D (2001) The renaissance of the Apocynaceae sens. lat.: recent

advances in systematics, phylogeny, and evolution: Introduction. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 88:

517–522.

Endress, M. E., Sennblad, B., Nilsson, S., Civeyrel, L., Chase, M., Huysmans, S., Grafström, E. &

Bremer, B. (1996) A phylogenetic analysis of Apocynaceae sens. strict. and some related taxa

in Gentianales: a multidisciplinary approach. Opera Bot. Belg. 7: 59–102.

Endress, P. K. (1994) Diversity and evolutionary biology of tropical flowers. (Cambridge University Press:

Cambridge, England).

Fishbein, M. (2001) Evolutionary innovation and diversification in the flowers of Asclepiadaceae.

Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 88: 603–623.

Forster, P. I. (1990) Notes on Asclepiadaceae, 2 (Gunnesia). Austrobaileya 3: 273–289.

Forster, P. I. (1991) The correct publication dates for some genera and species of Asclepiadaceae

described by Robert Brown. Asklepios 52: 78–79.

Forster, P.I. & Williams, J. B. (1996)  Apocynaceae. Pp. 104–196 in Orchard, A. E. (ed.)  Flora of

Australia, vol. 28, Gentianales. (AGPS: Canberra).

Forster, P. I., Liddle, D. J. & Liddle, I. M. (1997). Madangia inflata (Asclepiadaceae: Marsdenieae), a

new genus and species from Papua New Guinea. Austrobaileya 5: 53–57.

Forster, P. I., Liddle, D. J. & Nicholas, A. (1996) Asclepiadaceae. Pp. 197–283 in Orchard, A. E. (ed.)

Flora of Australia, vol. 18, Gentianales. (AGPS: Canberra).

Goyder, D (1999) The Asclepiadaceae – a figment of our imagination? Pp. 309–317 in Timberlake,

J. & Kativu, S. (eds), African Plants: Biodiversity, Taxonomy and Uses. (Royal Botanic Gardens:

Kew).

Goyder, D. (2001) Asclepiadaceae or Apocynaceae? Asklepios 83: 13–16.

Judd, W.R., Sanders, R.W. & Donoghue, M.J. (1994) Angiosperm family pairs: Preliminary

phylogenetic analyses. Harvard Papers Bot. 1(5): 1–51.

Jussieu, A. L. de (1789) Genera Plantarum. (Herissant: Paris).

Klackenberg, J (2001) Notes on Secamonoideae (Apocynaceae) in Africa.  Adansonia, sér. 3, 23:

317–335.

Kunze, H. (1993) Evolution of the translator in Periplocaceae and Asclepiadaceae. Plant Syst. Evol.

185: 99–122.

Kunze, H. (1994) Ontogeny of the translator in Asclepiadaceae sens. strict. Plant Syst. Evol. 193:

223–242.

Kunze, H. (1996) Morphology of the stamen in the Asclepiadaceae and its systematic relevance.

Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 118: 547–579.

Kunze, H., Meve, U. & Liede, S. (1994) Cibirhiza albersiana, a new species of Asclepiadaceae, and

establishment of the tribe Fockeeae. Taxon 43: 367–376

Leeuwenberg, A. J. M. (1994) Taxa of the Apocynaceae above the genus level. Series of revisions

of Apocynaceae, XXXVIII. Wageningen Agric. Univ. Pap. 94(3): 45–60.

Liede, S. (1996) Cynanchum-Rhodostegiella-Vincetoxicum-Tylophora: New considerations on an old

problem. Taxon 45: 193–211.

Liede, S. (1997) Subtribes and genera of the tribe Asclepiadeae (Apocynaceae-Asclepiadoideae) –

A synopsis. Taxon 45: 193–211.

Liede, S. (2001) Molecular considerations on the subtribe Astephaninae Endl. ex Meisn.

(Apocynaceae — Asclepiadoideae). Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 88: 657–668.

Liede, S. & Täuber, A. (2000) Sarcostemma R. Br. (Apocynaceae–Asclepiadoideae) – a controversial

generic circumscription reconsidered: evidence from  trnL-F spacers.  Plant Syst. Evol.  225:

133–140.

Liede, S., Meve, U. & Täuber, A. (2002) What is the subtribe Glossonematinae (Apocynaceae:

Asclepiadoideae)? A phylogenetic study based on cpDNA spacer. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 139: 145–158.

Mabberley, D. J. (1985)  Jupiter Botanicus – Robert Brown of the British Musuem. (J. Cramer:

Braunschweig).

Meve, U. (2002) Species numbers and progress in asclepiad taxonomy. Kew Bulletin 57: 459–464.

Middleton, D. J. (1995) Baharuia, a new genus of Apocynaceae from Malesia. Blumea 40: 443–447.

Middleton, D. J. (1996) Ecua, a new genus of Apocynaceae from Malesia. Blumea 41: 33–35.

Morales, J. F. (1999) Hylaea (Apocynaceae-apocynoideae), a new genus from South America. Novon

9: 83–35.

Pichon, M. (1948) Classification des Apocynacées. I. Carissées et Ambelaniées. Mém. Mus. Natl. Hist.

Nat., sér. B, Bot. 24: 111–181.

Pichon, M. (1949) Classification des Apocynacées. IX. Rauvolfiées, Alstoniées, Allamandées et

Tabernaémontanoidées. Mém. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. 24: 153–251.

Potgieter, K. & Albert, V. A. (2001) Phylogenetic relationships within Apocynaceae sens. lat. based

on trnL intron and trnL-F spacer sequences and propagule characters. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard.

88: 523–549.

Safwat, F. M. (1962) The floral morphology of  Secamone and the evolution of the pollinating

apparatus in Asclepiadaceae. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 49: 95–129.

Schumann, K. (1895) Apocynaceae and Asclepiadaceae. in A. Engler & K. Prantl (eds.), Die

natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien 4(2): 109–306. (Engelmann: Leipzig).

Sennblad, B. & Bremer, B. (1996) The familial and subfamilial relationships of Apocynaceae and

Asclepiadaceae evaluated with rbcL data. Plant Syst. Evol. 202: 153–175.

Sennblad, B. & Bremer, B. (2000) Is there a justification for differential a priori weighting in coding

sequences? A case study from rbcL and Apocynaceae sens. lat. Syst. Biol. 49: 101–113.

Sennblad, B. & Bremer, B. (2002) Classification of Apocynaceae sens. lat. according to a New

Approach combining Linnaean and Phylogenetic Taxonomy. Syst. Biol. 51: 389–409.

Sennblad, B., Endress, M. E. & Bremer, B. (1998) Morphology and molecular data in phylogenetic

fraternity – the tribe Wrightieae (Apocynaceae) revisited. Amer. J. Bot. 85: 1143–1158.

Swarupanandan, K., Mangaly, J. K., Sonny, T.K., Kishorekumar, K. & Chand Basha, S. (1996) The

subfamilial and tribal classification of the family Asclepiadaceae. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 120: 327–369.

Verhoeven, R. L., Liede, S. & Endress, M. E. (2003) The tribal position of  Fockea and Cibirhiza

(Apocynaceae: Asclepiadoideae): evidence from pollinium structure and cpDNA sequence

data. Grana 42: 70–81.

Wanntorp, H.-E. (1988) The genus Microloma (Asclepiadaceae). Opera Bot. 98: 1–69.

Woodson, R.E., Jr. (1930) Studies in the Apocynaceae. I. A critical study of the Apocynoideae (with

special reference to the genus Apocynum). Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 17: 1–213.

Woodson, R. E., Jr. (1941) The North American Asclepiadaceae.  Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 28:

193–244.

Zarucchi, J. L. (1991)  Quiotania: a new genus of Apocynaceae-Apocynoideae from northern

Colombia. Novon 1: 33–36.

1. Amadioha, A. C. 2002. Fungitoxic effects of extracts

of Azadirachta indica against Cochliobolus

miyabeanus causing brown spot disease of

rice. Arch. Phytopath. Pflanz. 35: 37-42.

2. Aneja, K. R. 1993.  Experiments in Microbiology,

Plant Pathology, Tissue Culture and Mushroom Cultivation. Vishwa Prakashan, New

Delhi. 231 pp.

3. Brahmachari, G. 2004. Neem- an omnipotent plant: a

retrospection. ChemBioChem 5: 408-421.

4. Chakraborty, M. R. 2005.  Study of fusarial wilt of

brinjal (Solanum melongena) and its integrated management. Ph.D. Thesis, Burdwan

University, Burdwan, India.

5. Chakraborty, M. R., S. Dutta, S. Ojha and N. C.

Chatterjee. 2004. Antagonistic potential of

biocontrol agents against  Botryodiplodia

theobrome causing die-back of bottle brush

(Callistemon citrinus).  Acta Botanica

Hungarica 46: 279-286.

6. Desai, S. and E. Schlosser. 1999. Parasitism of scle-rotium by Trichoderma. Indian Phytopath.

52: 47-50.

7. Huang, H. C. 1980. Control of  Sclerotinia wilt of

sunflower by hyperparasites. Can. J. Plant

Pathol. 2: 26-32.

8. Kapoor, A. S., Y. S. Paul and A. Singh. 2006.

Integrated management of white rot and

root rot wilt disease complex of pea. Indian

Phytopath. 59: 467-474.

9. Kapoor, A. S., Y. S. Paul, K. Koltaisamy and A.

Meenakashi. 2002. Integrated disease management in pea. J. Mycol. Pl. Pathol. 32:

420.

10. Krishna, R. V. and K. Krishnappa. 1995. Soil solarization for the control of soil-borne pathogen complexes with special reference to

Meloidogyne incognita and  Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceri. Indian Phytopath. 48:

300-303.

11. Mondal, G., K. D. Srivastava and R. Aggarwal.

1995. Antagonistic effect of  Trichoderma

spp. on  Ustilago segetum var.  tritici and

their compatibility with fungicides and biocides. Indian Phytopath. 48: 466-470.

12. Patel, D. J. 2001. Soil solarization for management

of soil borne plant disease.  J. Mycol. Pl.

Pathol. 31: 4-12.

13. Royse, D. L and S. M. Ries. 1978. The influence

of fungi isolated from peach twigs on

the pathogenecity of  Cytospora cincta.

Phytopathology 68: 603-607.

14. Sharma, M. and S. K. Sharma. 2002. Effect of soil

solarization on soil microflora with special

reference to Dematophora necatrix in apple

nurseries. Indian Phytopath. 55: 158-162.

15. Singh, U. P., K. G. Vagner and A. Kumar. 1992.

Effect of ajoene, a compound derived from

garlic. Mycologia 84: 105-108.

1. Alam, M.K., 1996. Village Trees  of Bangladesh:

Diversity and Economic Aspects. Bangladesh

Journal of Forest Science, Chittagong. 25(1&2): 21-

36.

2. Bhattachariya, S., 1989. Chirangiby Banoushadi.

Vol. 1-10, Ananda Publisher Ltd. Calcutta.

3. Biswas, K., 1973. Bharatio Banoushadi, Vol. 1-6,

Calcutta University Press, Calcutta.

4. Cronquist, A., 1968. The Evolution and

Classification of Flowering Plants. Houghton

Miftlin, Boston.

5. Ghani, A., 1988. Herbal Oshud  and Bangladesher

Bhesaj Udvid. Hamdard Foundation, Dhaka-1205,

Bangladesh.

6. Ghani, A., 1998. Medicinal Plants  of Bangladesh.

Asiatic  Society of Bangladesh, Dhaka-1205,

Bangladesh.

7. Guha, S., 1994.  Bhesaj Bidya. West Bengal State

Book Board, Calcutta.

8. Hassan, M.A.  and A.M. Huq, 1993. Amader

Banoushadi Samphad. Hassan Book House, Dhaka.

9. Hassan, M.A., 1988. Gas Gasra-deya Chikitsha.

Hassan Book House, Dhaka.

10. Heywood, V.H., 1979. Flowering Plants  of the

World, Oxford University Press, Oxford.  London.

11. Hooker, J.D., 1872-1888. Flora  of British India.

Vol. 1-7. L. Reeve & Co. Ltd. London.

12. Huq,  A.M., 1986.  Name Changes of Bangladesh

Angiosperms. Bangladesh National Herbarium,

BARC, Dhaka.

13. Huq, A.M., 1986. Plant Names of Bangladesh.

Bangladesh National Herbarium, BARC, Dhaka.

14. Khan, M.S. and A.M. Huq, 1975. Medicinal Plants

of Bangladesh, BARC, Dhaka.

15. Khan, M.S. and A.M. Huq, 1981. An Annotated

list of trees of Dhaka, Bangladesh National

Herbarium, Dhaka.

16. Kirtikar, K.R. and B.D. Basu, 1987. Indian

Medicinal Plants. Vol.1-4, Lalit Mohan Basu,

Leader Road, Allahbad, India.

17. Lawrence, G.H.M., 1951. Taxonomy of Vascular

Plants. Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. New Delhi,

Bombay, Calcutta.

18. Naderuzzaman, A.T.M., 1984. An Annotated list of

Trees of Rajshahi, Rajshahi University Studies,

Part-B., 12: 19-27.

19. Naderuzzaman, A.T.M. and M. Tareque, 1993.

Study on the weed flora of Rajshahi. Rajshahi

University  Studies, Part – B., 21: 75-88. 

20. Prain, D., 1903. Bengal Plants. Vol. 1-2, Botanical

Survey of India, Calcutta.

21. Rahman, A.H.M.M., 1999. Study of Biodiversity of

Graveyards of Rajshahi City. M.Sc.  Thesis.

Department of Botany, Rajshahi University,

Bangladesh.

22. Rao, P.V., 1991. Traditional Medicine Modern

Perspectives (Proceedings of the World Federation

of Proprietary Medicine Manufactures 10 General

th

Assembly) Self Medication: Progress Built on

Tradition. Seoul, Korea.

Farroqui, A.A.,  R. Srinivasappa  and  Richard Kennedy (2004).   Jatropha the

biofuel  plant.   IMAP Today,

Infoconcepts India Inc. March: 4-9.

Rajmani, K. (2004). Production technology for

major medicinal plants  IMAP Today,

Infoconcepts India Inc.  March: 18-25.

Rao, N.C. ( 2004). Cultivation Practices: Safed

Musli. IMAP Today, Infococepts India

Inc. March: 13-15.

Rawat, M.S. (2005).   Medicinal and Aromatic

plant Resources and potential. Medplant

Network News  2: 5-8.

Reddy, Poonam Veena (2004). Cultivation

Practices: Vanilla planifolia Andr.  IMAP

Today, Infoconcepts India Inc. March:

10-12

1. Atal CK, Kapoor BM. Cultivation and utilization

of medicinal plants (Eds. PID CSIR), 1989.

2. Siddiqui HH. Safety of herbal drugs-an overview.

Drugs News & Views 1993; 1(2): 7–10.

3. WHO survey. In medicinal plants (Eds. Haq. I.)

Hamdard Foundation Press, Karachi, 13, 1993.

4. Sen P. Therapeutic potentials of Tulsi : from

experience to facts.  Drugs News & Views 1993; 1(2):

15–21.

5. Chopra RN, Chopra IC, Handa KL, Kapoor LD.

Indigenous drugs of India (Published by UN Dhar,

Pvt. Ltd., Calcutta) 1993.

6. Chopra RN, Nayar SI, Chopra IC. Glossary of

Indian Medicinal Plants (Published by CSIR, New

Delhi) 1956.

7. Satyavati GV, Raina MK, Sharma M. Medicinal

Plants of India (Published by ICMR, New Delhi),

1976.

8. Nadkararni AK, Nadkarni KM. Indian Materia

Medica (Published by Popular Prakashan Pvt. Ltd.,

Bombay) 1976.

9. Sirkar NN. Pharmacological basis of Ayurvedic

therapeutics. In: Cultivation and utilization of

medicinal plants. Editors: Atal CK and Kapoor BM

(Published by PID CSIR) 1989.

10. Khanna N, Bhatia J. Action of  Ocimum sanctum

(Tulsi) in mice: possible mechanism involved.

J Ethnopharmacology  2003; 88(2–3): 293–296.

11. Kirtikar KR, Basu BD. In :  Ocimum sanctum  in

Indian Medicinal Plants (Published by LB Basu,

Allahabad) 1965.

12. Ocimum sanctum.  The Indian home remedy. In:

Current Medical Scene, March-April 1992 (Edited

and published by S. Rajeshwari, Cipla Ltd., Bombay

Central, Bombay).

13. Sanyal, PK. Homeopathic Pharmacy in India. In:

Cultivation and utilization of medicinal plants.

Editor: Atal CK and Kapoor BM (Published by PID

CSIR) 1989.

14. Pandey BP, Anita. In: Economic Botany (Published

by Chand and Company Ltd., Ramnagar,

New Delhi), p. 294, 1990.

15. Gupta SK, Prakash J, Srivastava S. Validation of

claim of Tulsi,  Ocimum sanctum Linn  as a

medicinal plant.  Indian J Experimental Biology

2002; 40(7): 765–773.

16. Batta SK, Santhakumari G. The antifertility effect

of  Ocimum sanctum  and Hibiscuc Rosa Sinensis.

Indian J Medical Research 1971; 59: 777–781.

17. Nagarajun S, Jain HC, Aulakh GS. Indigenous

plants used in fertility control. In: Cultivation and

utilization of medicinal plants. Editors: Atal CK

and Kapoor BM (Published by PID CSIR) 1989,

p. 558.

18. Reghunandana R, Sood S, Reghunandana V, Mehta

RM, Singh GP. Effect of  Ocimum sanctum Linn

(Tulsi) extract on testicular function.  Indian J

Medical Research 1995; 49(4): 83–87.

19. Vohra SB, Garg SK, Chaudhary RR. Antifertility

screening of plants III. Effect of six indigenous

plants on early pregnancy in albino rats.  Indian J

Medical Research 1969; 57: 893.

20. Khanna S, Gupta SR, Grover SK. Effect of long

term feeding of Tulsi.  Indian J Experimental

Biology 1986; 24: 302–304.

21. Bhargava KP, Singh N. Antistress activity of

Ocimum sanctum Linn. Indian J Medical Research

1981; 73: 443–451.

22. Ray A. Recent trends in stress research: Focus onadaptogenesis. Proc. XXXVIII

th

 Conference of

Indian Pharmacological Society held at Punjabi

University, Patiala, Nov. 23–26, 1995, p. 68.

23. Nagarajun S, Jain HC, Aulakh GS. Indigenous

plants used in the control of Diabetes. In:

Cultivation and utilization of medicinal plants.

Editors: Atal CK and Kapoor BM (Published by

PID CSJR) 1989, p. 584.

24. Mnadal S, Das DN, Dey K, et. al.  Ocimum sanctum

Linn - A study on gastric ulceration and gastric

secretion in rats.    Indian J Physiol Pharmacol

1993; 37: 91–92.

25. Sarkar A, Pandey DN, Pant MC. A report on the

effect of  Ocimum sanctum  (Tulsi) leaves and seeds

on blood and urinary uric acid, urea and urine

volume in normal albino rabbits.  Indian J Physiol

Pharmacology 1990; 34: 61–62.

26. Sethi J, Sood S, Seth S, Thakur A. Protective effect

of Tulsi  (Ocimum sanctum)  on lipid peroxidation

in stress induced by anemic hypoxia in rabbits.

Indian J Physiol Pharmacology 2003; 47(1):

115–119.

27. Sarkar A, Pandey DN, Pant MC. Changes in the

blood lipid profile level after administration of

Ocimum sanctum  (Tulsi) leaves in the normal

albino rabbits.  Indian J Physiology Pharmacology

1994; 38(4): 311–312.

28. Liv J. Pharmacology of oleanolic and  ursolic acid.

J Ethnopharmacology 1995; 49: 57–68.

(Contd.)